Build a Responsive Design Using 960 Grid

In a recent post, I detailed how to design a 12-column theme built around a 960 pixel grid. In this article, we will upgrade our theme concept and make the entire thing responsive. By responsive, I mean that the various column widths will adapt to the screen size and keep your content organized. This allows for users with any screen size to see a consistent look and feel. Responsive is different than fluid in that it steps through various screen sizes and locks the widths of the columns. The content will display consistently in this manner, allowing your site visitors to get a consistent look and feel. I avoid fluid layouts primarily because I don’t have as much control — and I’m a bit of a control freak when it comes to layout. Bear in mind that this system can easily be modified once you know what you’re doing.

Why Responsive Design?

First and foremost, I hate going to sites on my phone that are not responsive because I’m having to squeeze, pinch, and rotate my screen to find the sweet spot for the site. Often content is difficult to see, text is tiny, and graphics are difficult to see as well. Second, I also hate when a site has a “mobile” version that is stripped down. My clients hate managing two different versions of a site as much as I hate viewing them. Mobile versions also create problems with search engines that can cause major problems. In short, responsive design solves a lot of problems and, once in place, is simple to maintain.

Extending the 960 Grid with Media Queries

Media queries are an amazing feature of CSS that allow the browser to detect the screen size the site visitor is using. Then, based upon the detected screen size, the CSS can be delivered specifically to fit the current constraints. That’s what we’re going to be doing — creating a set of CSS specific to the screen size of the user’s screen. Using media queries, we can stage this very nicely and give ourselves near infinite control of the layout. Here’s the framework that we’ll be working within. You can modify this to add more screen sizes or less, depending upon your needs: [sourcecode language=”css”] .img {width:100%;} /* Everything before the media queries gets applied to screen sizes greater than 960 pixels */ /*****************/ /* MEDIA QUERIES */ /*****************/ /* Tablet Screen Sizes */ @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 959px) { } /* Mobile Landscape Screen Sizes */ @media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px) { } /* Mobile Portrate Screen Sizes */ @media only screen and (max-width: 479px) { } [/sourcecode] Let’s break down what this CSS is doing. First, we make sure that images are going to scale to 100% of their container’s width, which is important for making sure that images resize for each of the various media screen sizes. Then, we declare the @media screen, which means the code within the braces will apply only to screen sizes. Print is the other main media that you might declare separate CSS to handle, but 3D Glasses are another example that we may be seeing a lot more of… Next, we establish minimum and maximum widths. This is like an IF statement — if the width in pixels falls in between one of the ranges, apply the following CSS. Based on the above, our styles cascade in the following:

1. All the styles above the media queries get applied
2. If the screen width is greater than 768px but less than 959px {…}
3. If the screen width is greater than 480px but less than 767px {…}
4. If the screen width is less than 479px {…}

Again, you can break this into more or less chunks, but this is a fairly standard way to go.

Adding Tablet Screen Sizes to the 960 Grid

Now, let’s build out the various sizes we want our site to accommodate. For the tablet-sized screens (768px-959px), I simply reduce the sizes of the columns by 80%: [sourcecode language=”css”] /* Tablet Screen Sizes */ @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 959px) { /* Resize the body */ body {min-width:767px;} /* Resize the row */ .row {width:767px;} /* Resize the columns */ .col_12 {width:748px;} .col_9 {width:492px;} .col_8 {width:556px;} .col_6 {width:364px;} .col_4 {width:172px;} .col_3 {width:236px;} } [/sourcecode] First, we resize the body to a min-width and get the .row to be a fixed width of 767px. This makes sure the overall width of the page is fixed so long as the screen fits the criteria of this media query. The other columns are simply 80% of the main size. (Click for full-size version)

Adding Landscape Screen Sizes

For landscape views, I made the decision to make thirds, two-thirds, quarters, and three-quarters all equal to half. You may want to change this up. Remember that you can always declare CSS in-line, so if you want a particular <div> to be a third with a two-thirds next to it, you can do that manually within the media query – just give those divs a unique ID. So here’s how I changed this up and what it looks like compared to the full-size: [sourcecode language=”css”] /* Mobile Landscape Screen Sizes */ @media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px) { /* Resize the body */ body {min-width:479px;} /* Resize the row */ .row {width:479px;} /* Resize the columns */ .col_12 {width:460px;} .col_9 {width:225px;} .col_8 {width:225px;} .col_6 {width:225px;} .col_4 {width:225px; margin-left:0px;} .col_3 {width:225px; margin-left:0px;} /* Fix the .last issue */ .last { margin-left:0; margin-right:10px; } } [/sourcecode] (Click for the full-size version) As you can see, everything drops into nice, neat little half-width divs for you.

Adding Portrait Screen Sizes

Lastly, for the smallest screes sizes I made everything full-width. This makes it much easier to see and minimizes changes that need to be made site-wide: [sourcecode language=”css”] /* Mobile Portrait Screen Sizes */ @media only screen and (max-width: 479px) { /* Resize the body */ body {min-width:320px;} /* Resize the row */ .row {width:320px;} /* Resize the columns */ .col_12 {width:300px;} .col_9 {width:300px;} .col_8 {width:300px;} .col_6 {width:300px;} .col_4 {width:300px; margin-left:0px;} .col_3 {width:300px; margin-left:0px;} /* Fix the .last issue */ .last { margin-left:0; margin-right:10px; } } [/sourcecode] (Click for the full-size version) Again, on a div-by-div basis, you can always add an ID and create a unique set of sizes just for those.

Putting it All Together

So here’s the full CSS and an HTML template you can work with: [sourcecode language=”css”] /* Fix the width of the body */ body { min-width: 960px; margin:auto; } /* Wrapper */ .row { width:960px; margin:auto; } /* Column margins */ .col_12, /* full width */ .col_9, /* 3/4 width */ .col_8, /* 2/3 width */ .col_6, /* half width */ .col_4, /* 1/3 width */ .col_3 /* 1/4 width */ { margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; display: inline; float: left; } /* First and Last */ .first { margin-left:0; } .last { margin-right:0; } /* Column widths taking into account the margins */ .col_12 {width:940px;} .col_9 {width:620px;} .col_8 {width:700px;} .col_6 {width:460px;} .col_4 {width:220px;} .col_3 {width:300px;} img {width:100%;} /*****************/ /* MEDIA QUERIES */ /*****************/ /* Tablet Screen Sizes */ @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 959px) { /* Resize the body */ body {min-width:767px;} /* Resize the row */ .row {width:767px;} /* Resize the columns */ .col_12 {width:748px;} .col_9 {width:492px;} .col_8 {width:556px;} .col_6 {width:364px;} .col_4 {width:172px;} .col_3 {width:236px;} } /* Mobile Landscape Screen Sizes */ @media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px) { /* Resize the body */ body {min-width:479px;} /* Resize the row */ .row {width:479px;} /* Resize the columns */ .col_12 {width:460px;} .col_9 {width:225px;} .col_8 {width:225px;} .col_6 {width:225px;} .col_4 {width:225px; margin-left:0px;} .col_3 {width:225px; margin-left:0px;} /* Fix the .last issue */ .last { margin-left:0; margin-right:10px; } } /* Mobile Portrate Screen Sizes */ @media only screen and (max-width: 479px) { /* Resize the body */ body {min-width:320px;} /* Resize the row */ .row {width:320px;} /* Resize the columns */ .col_12 {width:300px;} .col_9 {width:300px;} .col_8 {width:300px;} .col_6 {width:300px;} .col_4 {width:300px; margin-left:0px;} .col_3 {width:300px; margin-left:0px;} /* Fix the .last issue */ .last { margin-left:0; margin-right:10px; } } [/sourcecode] And your HTML template requires that the CSS document be in the same folder (see line 6 of the HTML): [sourcecode language=”html”] <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN” “https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd”> <html xmlns=”https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml”> <head> <meta http-equiv=”Content-Type” content=”text/html; charset=utf-8″ /> <title>Sample 960, 12 Column Grid Layout</title> <link rel=”stylesheet” type=”text/css” href=”960-12-col.css” /> <style> /* Column margins */ .col_12, /* full width */ .col_9, /* 3/4 width */ .col_8, /* 2/3 width */ .col_6, /* half width */ .col_4, /* 1/3 width */ .col_3 /* 1/4 width */ { height: 50px; margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px; text-align:center; display:table-cell; vertical-align:central; } </style> </head> <body> <div class=”row”> <div class=”col_12 first” style=”background-color:#936;”><p>Full width header column<!–<img src=”banner.jpg” />–></p></div> </div> <div class=”row”> <div class=”col_9 first” style=”background-color:#3F6″><p>Here’s a 3/4 width column</p></div> <div class=”col_3 last” style=”background-color:#6CC”><p>And it’s 1/4 width counterpart</p></div> </div> <div class=”row”> <div class=”col_8 first” style=”background-color:#CF0″><p>Here’s a 2/3 width column</p></div> <div class=”col_4 last” style=”background-color:#9CC”><p>And it’s 1/3 width counterpart.</p></div> </div> <div class=”row”> <div class=”col_4 first” style=”background-color:#9CC”><p>I’m a 1/3 width first</p></div> <div class=”col_8 last” style=”background-color:#CF0″><p>And I’m a 2/3 width last</p></div> </div> <div class=”row”> <div class=”col_6 first” style=”background-color:#9CC”><p>Want to go halfsies?</p></div> <div class=”col_6 last” style=”background-color:#CF0″><p>Sure, I’ll go halfsies!</p></div> </div> <div class=”row”> <div class=”col_3 first” style=”background-color:#CF0″><p>Here’s a 1/3 width column</p></div> <div class=”col_3″ style=”background-color:#9CC”><p>I’m a 1/3 width column, too!</p></div> <div class=”col_3 last” style=”background-color:#9CC”><p>I’m the last 1/3 width :(</p></div> </div> <div class=”row”> <div class=”col_4 first” style=”background-color:#CF0″><p>Can we do 1/4 column</p></div> <div class=”col_4″ style=”background-color:#9CC”><p>Sure we can do 1/4!</p></div> <div class=”col_4″ style=”background-color:#9CC”><p>I echo that sentiment!</p></div> <div class=”col_4 last” style=”background-color:#9CC”><p>Why am I always last? :(</p></div> </div> <div class=”row”> <div class=”col_12 first” style=”background-color:#936″><p>Here’s a full width footer column</p></div> </div> </body> </html> [/sourcecode] I hope you liked this introduction to building your own responsive HTML/CSS design. There’s more to come!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Building a Responsive Design Using 960 Grid