- Responsive Modern CSS Grid Layout
- Progressive Enhancement: You Don’t Have to Override Everything
- Adding a Nested Grid
- Using the Grid grid-column, grid-row and span Keywords
- Using Grid Alignment Utilities
- Restructuring the Grid Layout in Small Devices
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions on Easy Responsive Modern CSS Grid Layout
In this article, we’ll show how to create a responsive modern CSS Grid layout, demonstrating how to use fallback code for old browsers, how to add CSS Grid progressively, and how to restructure the layout in small devices and center elements using the alignment properties.
In a previous article we explored four different techniques for easily building responsive grid layouts. That article was written back in 2014 — before CSS Grid was available — so in this tutorial, we’ll be using a similar HTML structure but with modern CSS Grid layout.
Throughout this tutorial, we’ll create a demo with a basic layout using floats and then enhance it with CSS Grid. We’ll demonstrate many useful utilities such as centering elements, spanning items, and easily changing the layout on small devices by redefining grid areas and using media queries. You can find the code in this pen:
See the Pen css-grid-example4 by SitePoint (@SitePoint) on CodePen.
Responsive Modern CSS Grid Layout
Before we dive into creating our responsive grid demo, let’s first introduce CSS Grid.
CSS Grid is a powerful 2-dimensional system that was added to most modern browsers in 2017. It has dramatically changed the way we’re creating HTML layouts. Grid Layout allows us to create grid structures in CSS and not HTML.
CSS Grid is supported in most modern browsers except for IE11, which supports an older version of the standard that could give a few issues. You can use caniuse.com to check for support.
A Grid Layout has a parent container with the display
property set to grid
or inline-grid
. The child elements of the container are grid items which are implicitly positioned thanks to a powerful Grid algorithm. You can also apply different classes to control the placement, dimensions, position and other aspects of the items.
Let’s start with a basic HTML page. Create an HTML file and add the following content:
<header>
<h2>CSS Grid Layout Example</h2>
</header>
<aside>
.sidebar
</aside>
<main>
<article>
<span>1</span>
</article>
<article>
<span>2</span>
</article>
<!--... -->
<article>
<span>11</span>
</article>
</main>
<footer>
Copyright 2018
</footer>
We use HTML semantics to define the header, sidebar, main and footer sections of our page. In the main section, we add a set of items using the <article>
tag. <article>
is an HTML5 semantic tag that could be used for wrapping independent and self-contained content. A single page could have any number of <article>
tags.
This is a screen shot of the page at this stage:
Next, let’s add basic CSS styling. Add a <style>
tag in the head of the document and add the following styles:
body {
background: #12458c;
margin: 0rem;
padding: 0px;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,
"Segoe UI", "Roboto", "Oxygen", "Ubuntu", "Cantarell",
"Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue",
sans-serif;
}
header {
text-transform: uppercase;
padding-top: 1px;
padding-bottom: 1px;
color: #fff;
border-style: solid;
border-width: 2px;
}
aside {
color: #fff;
border-width:2px;
border-style: solid;
float: left;
width: 6.3rem;
}
footer {
color: #fff;
border-width:2px;
border-style: solid;
clear: both;
}
main {
float: right;
width: calc(100% - 7.2rem);
padding: 5px;
background: hsl(240, 100%, 50%);
}
main > article {
background: hsl(240, 100%, 50%);
background-image: url('https://source.unsplash.com/daily');
color: hsl(240, 0%, 100%);
border-width: 5px;
}
This is a small demonstration page, so we’ll style tags directly to aid readability rather than applying class naming systems.
We use floats to position the sidebar to the left and the main section to the right and we set the width of the sidebar to a fixed 6.3rem width. Then we calculate and set the remaining width for the main section using the CSS calc()
function. The main section contains a gallery of items organized as vertical blocks.
The layout is not perfect. For example, the sidebar does not have the same height as the main content section. There are various CSS techniques to solve the problems but most are hacks or workarounds. Since this layout is a fallback for Grid, it will be seen by a rapidly diminishing number of users. The fallback is usable and good enough.
The latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Opera and Safari have support for CSS Grid, so that means if your visitors are using these browsers you don’t need to worry about providing a fallback. Also you need to account for evergreen browsers. The latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Edge, and Safari are evergreen browsers. That is, they automatically update themselves silently without prompting the user. To ensure your layout works in every browser, you can start with a default float-based fallback then use progressive enhancement techniques to apply a modern Grid layout. Those with older browsers will not receive an identical experience but it will be good enough.
Progressive Enhancement: You Don’t Have to Override Everything
When adding the CSS Grid layout on top of your fallback layout, you don’t actually need to override all tags or use completely separate CSS styles:
- In a browser that doesn’t support CSS Grid, the grid properties you add will be simply ignored.
- If you’re using floats for laying out elements, keep in mind that a grid item takes precedence over float. That is, if you add a
float: left|right
style to an element which is also a grid element (a child of a parent element that has adisplay: grid
style), the float will be ignored in favor of grid. - Specific feature support can be checked in CSS using
@supports
rules. This allows us to override fallback styles where necessary while older browsers ignore the@supports
block.
Now, let’s add CSS Grid to our page. First, let’s make the <body>
a grid container and set the grid columns, rows and areas:
body {
/*...*/
display: grid;
grid-gap: 0.1vw;
grid-template-columns: 6.5rem 1fr;
grid-template-rows: 6rem 1fr 3rem;
grid-template-areas: "header header"
"sidebar content"
"footer footer";
}
We use the display:grid
property to mark <body>
as a grid container. We set a grid gap of 0.1vw
. Gaps lets you create gutters between Grid cells instead of using margins.
We also use grid-template-columns
to add two columns. The first column takes a fixed width which is 6.5rem
and the second column takes the remaining width. fr
is a fractional unit and 1fr
equals one part of the available space.
Next, we use grid-template-rows
to add three rows. The first row takes a fixed height which equals 6rem
, the third row takes a fixed height of 3rem
and the remaining available space (1fr
) is assigned to the second row.
We then use grid-template-areas
to assign the virtual cells, resulted from the intersection of columns and rows, to areas. Now we need to actually define those areas specified in the areas template using grid-area
:
header {
grid-area: header;
/*...*/
}
aside {
grid-area: sidebar;
/*...*/
}
footer {
grid-area: footer;
/*...*/
}
main {
grid-area: content;
/*...*/
}
Most of our fallback code doesn’t have any side effects on the CSS Grid except for the width of the main section width: calc(100% - 7.2rem);
which calculates the remaining width for the main section after subtracting the width of the sidebar plus any margin/padding spaces.
This is a screen shot of the result. Notice how the main area is not taking the full remaining width:
To solve this issue, we can add width: auto;
when Grid is supported:
@supports (display: grid) {
main {
width: auto;
}
}
This is the screen shot of the result now:
Adding a Nested Grid
A Grid child can be a Grid container itself. Let’s make the main section a Grid container:
main {
/*...*/
display: grid;
grid-gap: 0.1vw;
grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(12rem, 1fr));
grid-template-rows: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(12rem, 1fr));
}
We use a grid gap of 0.1vw
and we define columns and rows using the repeat(auto-fill, minmax(12rem, 1fr));
function. The auto-fill
option tries to fill the available space with as many columns or rows as possible, creating implicit columns or rows if needed. If you want to fit the available columns or rows into the available space, you need to use auto-fit
. Read a good explanation of the differences between auto-fill
and auto-fit
.
This is the screen shot of the result:
Using the Grid grid-column
, grid-row
and span
Keywords
CSS Grid provides grid-column
and grid-row
, which allow you to position grid items inside their parent grid using grid lines. They’re shorthand for the following properties:
grid-row-start
: specifies the start position of the grid item within the grid rowgrid-row-end
: specifies the end position of the grid item within the grid rowgrid-column-start
: specifies the start position of the grid item within the grid columngrid-column-end
: specifies the end position of the grid item within the grid column.
You can also use the keyword span
to specify how many columns or rows to span.
Let’s make the second child of the main area span four columns and two rows and position it from column line two and row line one (which is also its default location):
main article:nth-child(2) {
grid-column: 2/span 4;
grid-row: 1/span 2;
}
This is a screen shot of the result:
Using Grid Alignment Utilities
We want to center the text inside the header, sidebar and footer and the numbers inside the <article>
elements.
CSS Grid provides six properties justify-items
, align-items
, justify-content
, align-content
, justify-self
and align-self
, which can be used to align and justify grid items. They are actually part of CSS box alignment module.
Inside the header, aside, article and footer selectors add the following:
display: grid;
align-items: center;
justify-items: center;
justify-items
is used to justify the grid items along the row axis or horizontally.align-items
aligns the grid items along the column axis, or vertically. They can both take thestart
,end
,center
andstretch
values.
This is a screen shot after centering elements:
Restructuring the Grid Layout in Small Devices
Our demo layout is convenient for medium and large screens, but might not be the best way to structure the page in small screen devices. Using CSS Grid, we can easily change this layout structure to make it linear in small devices — by redefining Grid areas and using Media Queries.
This is a screen shot before adding code to re-structure the layout on small devices:
Now, add the following CSS code:
@media all and (max-width: 575px) {
body {
grid-template-rows: 6rem 1fr 5.5rem 5.5rem;
grid-template-columns: 1fr;
grid-template-areas:
"header"
"content"
"sidebar"
"footer";
}
}
On devices with <= 575px
we use four rows with 6rem
, 1fr
, 5.5rem
, and 5.5rem
widths respectively, and one column that takes all the available space. We also redefine Grid areas so the sidebar can take the third row after the main content area on small devices:
Notice that the width of the sidebar isn’t filling the available width. This is caused by the fallback code, so all we need to do is override the width: 6.3rem;
pair with width: auto;
on browsers supporting Grid:
@supports (display: grid) {
main, aside {
width: auto;
}
}
This is a screen shot of the final result:
You can find the final code in the pen displayed near the start of this article, or visit the pen directly.
Conclusion
Throughout this tutorial, we’ve created a responsive demo layout with CSS Grid. We’ve demonstrated using fallback code for old browsers, adding CSS Grid progressively, restructuring the layout in small devices and centering elements using the alignment properties.
Frequently Asked Questions on Easy Responsive Modern CSS Grid Layout
What is the difference between CSS Grid and Flexbox?
CSS Grid and Flexbox are both powerful layout systems in CSS. While they can be used interchangeably in some cases, they each have their unique strengths. Flexbox is a one-dimensional layout model, and it is particularly suited for distributing items along a column or a row. CSS Grid, on the other hand, is a two-dimensional layout system, perfect for arranging elements in rows and columns simultaneously. It’s ideal for creating complex web layouts.
How can I make my CSS Grid layout responsive?
CSS Grid makes it easy to create responsive layouts without the need for media queries. You can use the ‘fr’ unit, which represents a fraction of the available space in the grid container. For example, if you want three columns of equal width, you can use ‘grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr’. The columns will automatically adjust their size to fit the screen.
Can I use CSS Grid and Flexbox together?
Yes, CSS Grid and Flexbox can be used together in a layout. You can use CSS Grid to create the overall page layout, and then use Flexbox for the layout of individual components or sections within the grid cells. This combination allows for a high degree of flexibility and control over your layout.
How can I align items in a CSS Grid?
CSS Grid provides several properties for aligning items, including ‘justify-items’, ‘align-items’, ‘justify-self’, and ‘align-self’. These properties can be used to align items along the row axis (justify) or the column axis (align). For example, ‘justify-items: center’ will center the items along the row axis.
How can I create a gap between grid items?
You can use the ‘grid-gap’ property to create a gap between grid items. This property is a shorthand for ‘grid-row-gap’ and ‘grid-column-gap’. For example, ‘grid-gap: 20px’ will create a 20px gap between all grid items.
How does the ‘auto-fill’ and ‘auto-fit’ keywords work in CSS Grid?
The ‘auto-fill’ and ‘auto-fit’ keywords are used with the ‘repeat()’ function in the ‘grid-template-columns’ and ‘grid-template-rows’ properties. ‘auto-fill’ fills the row or column with as many items as it can, creating empty cells if there are not enough items. ‘auto-fit’ behaves similarly, but it collapses the empty cells, making the items stretch to fill the row or column.
How can I overlap items in a CSS Grid?
In CSS Grid, you can overlap items by placing them into the same grid cell or letting them span multiple cells. You can control the stacking order of the overlapped items using the ‘z-index’ property.
Can I use CSS Grid in all browsers?
CSS Grid is supported in all modern browsers, including Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. However, it is not supported in Internet Explorer. If you need to support Internet Explorer, you may need to use a fallback layout.
How can I create a nested grid in CSS Grid?
You can create a nested grid by making a grid item a grid container itself. Simply apply ‘display: grid’ to the grid item, and then define the grid layout as you would for any grid container.
How can I control the size of grid tracks in CSS Grid?
You can control the size of grid tracks (rows and columns) using the ‘grid-template-rows’ and ‘grid-template-columns’ properties. You can specify the size in various units, such as pixels (px), percentages (%), or fractions (fr).
Ahmed is a technical author and web developer living in Morocco with a Master's degree in software development. He authors technical content about JavaScript, Angular and Ionic. He is also a fan of entrepreneurship, poetry, and teaching. You can contact me on my personal website and read my other articles on Techiediaries.