How to Create Your Own Random Number Generator in PHP

Computers cannot generate random numbers. A machine which works in ones and zeros is unable to magically invent its own stream of random data. However, computers can implement mathematical algorithms which produce pseudo-random numbers. They look like random numbers. They feel like random distributions. But they’re fake; the same sequence of digits is generated if you run the algorithm twice.

Planting Random Seeds

To increase the apparent randomness, most algorithms can be passed a seed — an initialization number for the random sequence. Passing the same seed twice will still generate the same set of random numbers but you can set the seed based on external input factors. The easiest option is the current time but it can be anything; the last keypress, a mouse movement, the temperature, the number of hours wasted on YouTube, or any other factor.

Random PHP Functions

PHP offers a number of random number functions. The main ones are:

1. rand() and the more efficient mt_rand() function. Both return a random number between zero and getrandmax()/mt_getrandmax(). Alternatively, you can pass minimum and maximum parameters:

   
   // random number between 0 and 10 (inclusive)
   echo mt_rand(0, 10);
   

2. srand($seed) and mt_srand($seed) to set a random number seed. This has been done automatically since PHP 4.2.0.

PHP is Too Random!

There are instances when creating a repeatable list of pseudo-random numbers is useful. It’s often used for security or verification purposes, e.g. encrypting a password before it’s transmitted or generating a hash code for a set of data. Unfortunately, PHP can be a little too random. A generated sequence will depend on your hosting platform and version of PHP. In other words, you can’t guarantee the same ‘random’ sequence will be generated twice on two different machines even if the same seed is used.

Rolling Your Own Random Class

Fortunately, we can write our own random number generator. You’ll find many algorithms on the web, but this is one of the shortest and fastest. First, we initialize our class and a random seed variable:

class Random {

	// random seed
	private static $RSeed = 0;

Next we have a seed() function for setting a new seed value. For the algorithm to work correctly, the seed should always be a positive number greater than zero but not large enough to cause mathematical overflows. The seed function takes any value but converts it to a number between 1 and 9,999,999:

	// set seed
	public static function seed($s = 0) {
		self::$RSeed = abs(intval($s)) % 9999999 + 1;
		self::num();
	}

Finally, we have our num() function for generating a random number between $min and $max. If no seed has been set it’s initialized with PHP’s own random number generator:

	// generate random number
	public static function num($min = 0, $max = 9999999) {
		if (self::$RSeed == 0) self::seed(mt_rand());
		self::$RSeed = (self::$RSeed * 125) % 2796203;
		return self::$RSeed % ($max - $min + 1) + $min;
	}

}

We can now set a seed and output a sequence of numbers:

// set seed
Random::seed(42);

// echo 10 numbers between 1 and 100
for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++) {
	echo Random::num(1, 100) . '<br />';
}

If you’ve copied this code exactly, you should see the following values no matter what OS or version of PHP you’re running:

76
86
14
79
73
2
87
43
62
7

Admittedly, repeatable “random” numbers isn’t something you’ll need every day — you’re more likely to require something closer to real randomness and PHP’s functions will serve you better. But there may be occasions when you find this useful.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about PHP Random Number Generator