Does installing a later (or latest) version of Ruby on macOS 15 break anything?

Installing Ruby with rbenv won’t break macOS or replace the system Ruby.

What does stand out is that you installed Ruby 4.0.6, but ruby -v reports 3.4.5. If this is inside your Rails project, that’s likely because the project has a .ruby-version file pinning Ruby 3.4.5.

Could you open a terminal in the Rails project and post the output of:

pwd
ls -la
rbenv versions
rbenv version
ruby -v
cat .ruby-version