Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. A stitch in time saves nine. Measure twice, cut once. Look before you leap.
What do all these sayings have in common? They’re all about thinking before acting. Why? Because it saves time, money, effort and embarrassment. It’s plain common sense, yet, when it comes to software development, this common sense seems to disappear. All too often, projects start before thought has been put into the project’s purpose, its desired results, and how its sucess will ultimately be measured.
Studies have shown that as many as 4 out of 5 software development projects go over time, over budget or don’t deliver expected results (The Chaos Report, 1994 Standish Group). With such long odds, it pays to put in the effort upfront to minimise the risk of failure. The question is, how do we achieve this?
There is no one perfect method for gathering and analsying a project’s requirements. If there was, we’d all be using it. Rather, there are many approaches to choose from. This article is not about how to gather requirements, or the "right" method. Instead, it preparess you to formulate your own, customised requirements gathering procedure by explaining the key issues you should consider.
Focus and Clarity
Focus is the most import aspect of any requirements document. A good requirements document clearly states the objective of the project and defines its scope, to clarify what the project does and does not cover.
The shorter and clearer the project objectives, the easier it is to ensure that the delivered product meets those objectives. Clear, concise objectives allow less room for assumptions and varied interpretations of the information.
A recent project (an online survey) on which I worked had two key objectives:
- increase response rate
- improve quality of data obtained
These straighforward objectives made it easy to achieve a strong focus throughout the requirements document. When discussing options with the client, any confusion as to what should be included was easily resolved: we simply posed the question, "Will it help increase the response rate or improve the quality of the data?" If the answer was yes, the requirement was in; if the answer was no, it was out.
This becomes a powerful technique when a project has numerous stakeholders, each of whom has his or her own view of what to include. Any requirement, regardless of who it comes from, has to pass the simple test: "Does it help achieve the objectives?" That’s why it’s important to include all stakeholders in the process of defining the project’s objectives upfront.
The ideal objective is short, concise, clear and agreed to by all stakeholders.
A Format for Specifying Requirements
Discussing the many ways in which requirements can be gathered can end up in a heated and impractical debate. The short answer is that you should gather requirements using whichever method works for you. Whether you prefer a written document, screen diagrams, prototyping or use cases, the most important outcome is that the people who need to understand the requirements can do so. If the people that form the project team (client, stakeholders, designers, developers) are happy with the format, that’s half the battle won.
This is not to say that all formats of requirements documentation are equal. If you happen to believe that use cases are effective, but your client doesn’t understand UML, then it’s going to be difficult for them to effectively review the document and identify any errors. This increases the risk of misintepretation. If the document is too technical, the client is likely to assume it’s correct because they don’t really know otherwise. These sorts of assumptions don’t surface until the work is done, at which point it becomes far more expense to fix. This scenario brings us back to the purpose of a requirements document: to avoid these mistakes in the first place.
So, if you have a format that you, your client and your project team are comfortable with, stick to it.
The Author of the Requirements Document
The art of writing requirements takes great skill and, like writing code, the end result is usually cleaner and more consistent if there’s a single author. Great care should be taken in selecting the author. It’s a matter of balancing the need for a thorough understanding of the project domain (i.e. the client’s business) against understanding the process of software development. An author with a great understanding of the project domain but no experience with software development is a risky choice. So is an author with no understanding of the project domain but extensive experience in software development. Ideally, you want to aim for an author that has both. If that’s not possible — which is often the case — make sure that good review processes are in place so that the details can be identified.
The Language of Requirements
If there’s only one rule in the use of language then it’s to use the same language as your client. It’s that simple. If the language is consistent, it greatly lowers the risk of misinterpretation of the requirements. For example, a recent project contains a product catalogue for seeds. In the first draft we categorised the seeds into ‘types’, ‘categories’ and ‘sub-categories’. While this made sense to us, the client and other skateholders use the terms ‘crop’, ‘type’ and ‘variety’. This was bound to cause problems if we didn’t use the same terms as the client. A useful technique to avoid this problem is to include a glossary of terms and definitions in the requirements document.
Accuracy is Critical
There’s little use writing requirements if they are not an accurate reflection of what the client wants. We’ve found the best way to deal with this is to walk the client through the requirements, as they’ll rarely read them on their own. If it takes five reviews to get it right, then so be it. While it can become a drain to do multiple reviews, persistance pays off. Remember: it costs many times more to fix things in testing than in the requirements phase.
Having said that, don’t expect to get the requirements 100% correct. You need to allow for human nature. A requirements document is a statement of ‘what’ the end result has to achieve. Even with the best intentions in the world, sometimes when we arrive at the end result, it just doesn’t work the way we expected — it’s a fact of life. So, the requirements should capture what the client wants, but allow for change as long as the objectives are still being met.
Minimize the Risk of Errant Interpretation
Being clear and unambiguous is difficult. In law, there are rules for interpretation, but even then, those rules are applied by judges who have their own interpretations of how to apply the rules. What does that mean for requirements? It’s important to ensure everyone has the same understanding. One of the best ways to minimise the risk of different interpretations is to include examples: diagrams, pictures, or sample data that illustrates what the requirements mean.
Conclusion
There is no silver bullet, no one answer, no perfect approach method or technique to requirements gathering. Developing a good requirements document is about giving your project the best chance of success. To do so, you must reduce the risk of common mistakes that arise from a lack of communication or understanding. Keep this in mind as you gather your requirements, and the documentation — and project as a whole — will have the best chance of success.
Martin BauerMartin is the Managing Director of designIT, a Melbourne firm specialising in effective content management solutions using eZ publish. Martin is also co-author of the first eZ publish book and contributor to the Cutter IT Journal on agile project management and Web development.
