Just use media queries and target the image at the appropriate points. The image that will be visible will be the one in the srcset and you can control that via the media query if you need to. If I understand you correctly of course 
It all seems a bit elaborate to me as I rarely have to go to those lengths and a simple max-width does the trick. Many times simpler is better so don;t over-think the solution.
You can’t set a max-height and a max-width on the image anyway because that will break aspect ratios. It’s either or.